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Francis Xavier

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In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Jasso and the second or maternal family name is Azpilicueta.

Saint

Francis Xavier

SJ
Painting of Saint Francis Xavier, held in the Kobe City Museum, Japan
BornFrancisco de Jasso y Azpilicueta
(1506-04-07)7 April 1506
Xavier, Kingdom of Navarre
Died3 December 1552(1552-12-03) (aged 46)
Shangchuan Island, Chuanshan Archipelago, Xinning, China
Venerated in
Beatified25 October 1619, Rome, Papal States, by Pope Paul V
Canonized12 March 1622, Rome, Papal States, by Pope Gregory XV
Feast3 December
Attributes
Patronage
Signature
Styles of
Francis Xavier
Reference styleThe Reverend Father
Spoken styleFather
Posthumous styleSaint
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Francis Xavier, SJ (born Francisco de Jasso y Azpilicueta; Latin: Franciscus Xaverius; Basque:Xabierkoa; French: François Xavier; Spanish: Francisco Javier; Portuguese: Francisco Xavier; 7 April 1506 – 3 December 1552), venerated as Saint Francis Xavier, was a Basque cleric.[3][4] He was a Catholic missionary and saint who co-founded the Society of Jesus and, as a representative of the Portuguese Empire, led the first Christian mission to Japan.[5][6]

Born in the town of Xavier, Kingdom of Navarre, he was a companion of Ignatius of Loyola and one of the first seven Jesuits who took vows of poverty and chastity at Montmartre, Paris in 1534.[7] He led an extensive mission into Asia, mainly the Portuguese Empire in the East, and was influential in evangelization work, most notably in early modern India. He was extensively involved in the missionary activity in Portuguese India. In 1546, Francis Xavier proposed the establishment of the Goan Inquisition in a letter addressed to King John III of Portugal.[8][9][10][11] While some sources claim that he actually asked for a special minister whose sole office would be to further Christianity in Goa,[12] others disagree with this assertion.[13] As a representative of the king of Portugal, he was also the first major Christian missionary to venture into Borneo, the Maluku Islands, Japan, and other areas. In those areas, struggling to learn the local languages and in the face of opposition, he had less success than he had enjoyed in India. Xavier was about to extend his mission to Ming China, when he died on Shangchuan Island.

He was beatified by Pope Paul V on 25 October 1619 and canonized by Pope Gregory XV on 12 March 1622. In 1624, he was made co-patron of Navarre. Known as the "Apostle of the Indies", "Apostle of the Far East", "Apostle of China" and "Apostle of Japan", he is considered to be one of the greatest missionaries since Paul the Apostle.[14] In 1927, Pope Pius XI published the decree "Apostolicorum in Missionibus" naming Francis Xavier, along with Thérèse of Lisieux, co-patron of all foreign missions.[15] He is now co-patron saint of Navarre, with Fermin. The Day of Navarre in Navarre, Spain, marks the anniversary of Francis Xavier's death, on 3 December. Some Hindu extremists such as the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS),[16][17] are attempting to cancel Francis Xavier's patronage of Goa, where his body rests,[18] in order to replace him with Parshuram, a sage of Hindu mythology.[19][20]

Early life

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The castle of the Xavier family was later acquired by the Society of Jesus.

Francis Xavier was born in the Castle of Xavier, in the Kingdom of Navarre, on 7 April 1506 into an influential noble family. He was the youngest son of Don Juan de Jasso y Atondo, Lord of Idocín, president of the Royal Council of the Kingdom of Navarre, and seneschal of the Castle of Xavier (a doctor in law by the University of Bologna,[21] belonging to a prosperous noble family of Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port, later privy counsellor and finance minister to King John III of Navarre)[22] and Doña María de Azpilcueta y Aznárez, sole heiress to the Castle of Xavier (related to the theologian and philosopher Martín de Azpilcueta).[23] His brother Miguel de Jasso (later known as Miguel de Javier) became Lord of Xavier and Idocín at the death of his parents (a direct ancestor of the Counts of Javier). Basque[24] and Romance[25] were his two mother tongues.

In 1512, Ferdinand, King of Aragon and regent of Castile, invaded Navarre, initiating a war that lasted over 18 years. Three years later, Francis's father died when Francis was only nine years old. In 1516, Francis's brothers participated in a failed Navarrese-French attempt to expel the Spanish invaders from the kingdom. The Spanish Governor, Cardinal Cisneros, confiscated the family lands, demolished the outer wall, the gates, and two towers of the family castle, and filled in the moat. In addition, the height of the keep was reduced by half.[26] Only the family residence inside the castle was left. In 1522, one of Francis's brothers participated with 200 Navarrese nobles in dogged but failed resistance against the Castilian Count of Miranda in Amaiur, Baztan, the last Navarrese territorial position south of the Pyrenees.

In 1525, Francis went to study in Paris at the Collège Sainte-Barbe, University of Paris, where he spent the next eleven years.[27] In the early days he acquired some reputation as an athlete[28] and a high-jumper.[29]

In 1529, Francis shared lodgings with his friend Pierre Favre. A new student, Ignatius of Loyola, came to room with them.[30] At 38, Ignatius was much older than Pierre and Francis, who were both 23 at the time. Ignatius convinced Pierre to become a priest, but was unable to convince Francis, who had aspirations of worldly advancement. At first, Francis regarded the new lodger as a joke and was sarcastic about his efforts to convert students.[31] When Pierre left their lodgings to visit his family and Ignatius was alone with Francis, he was able to slowly break down Francis's resistance.[32] According to most biographies Ignatius is said to have posed the question: "What will it profit a man to gain the whole world, and lose his own soul?"[33] However, according to James Broderick such method is not characteristic of Ignatius and there is no evidence that he employed it at all.[31]

In 1530, Francis received the degree of Master of Arts, and afterwards taught Aristotelian philosophy at the Collège de Beauvais, University of Paris.[31]

Criticism

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During Portuguese Inquisition of Goa, the local hindu and Muslim population were tortured inhumanely and were forced to convert to Christianity under the order of St. Francis. [34][35]

Missionary work

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Church of Saint-Pierre de Montmartre, Paris

On 15 August 1534, seven students met in a crypt beneath the Church of Saint Denis (now Saint Pierre de Montmartre), on the hill of Montmartre, overlooking Paris. They were Francis, Ignatius of Loyola, Alfonso Salmeron, Diego Laínez, Nicolás Bobadilla from Spain, Peter Faber from Savoy, and Simão Rodrigues from Portugal. They made private vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience to the Pope, and also vowed to go to the Holy Land to convert infidels.[36][37] Francis began his study of theology in 1534 and was ordained on 24 June 1537.

In 1539, after long discussions, Ignatius drew up a formula for a new religious order, the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits).[32] Ignatius's plan for the order was approved by Pope Paul III in 1540.[38]

In 1540, King John III of Portugal had Pedro Mascarenhas, Portuguese ambassador to the Holy See, request Jesuit missionaries to spread the faith in his new possessions in India, where the king believed that Christian values were eroding among the Portuguese. After successive appeals to the Pope asking for missionaries for the East Indies under the Padroado agreement, John III was encouraged by Diogo de Gouveia, rector of the Collège Sainte-Barbe, to recruit the newly graduated students who had established the Society of Jesus.[39]

Francisco Xavier taking leave of John III of Portugal for an expedition

Ignatius promptly appointed Nicholas Bobadilla and Simão Rodrigues. At the last moment, however, Bobadilla became seriously ill. With some hesitance and uneasiness, Ignatius asked Francis to go in Bobadilla's place. Thus, Francis Xavier began his life as the first Jesuit missionary almost accidentally.[40][41][42]

Leaving Rome on 15 March 1540, in the Ambassador's train,[43] Francis took with him a breviary, a catechism, and De institutione bene vivendi per exempla sanctorum (Instructions for a Virtuous Life According to the Examples of the Saints) by Croatian humanist Marko Marulić,[44] a Latin book that had become popular in the Counter-Reformation. According to a 1549 letter of F. Balthasar Gago from Goa, it was the only book that Francis read or studied.[45] Francis reached Lisbon in June 1540 and, four days after his arrival, he and Rodrigues were summoned to a private audience with King John and Queen Catherine.[46]

Francis Xavier devoted much of his life to missions in Asia, mainly in four centres: Malacca, Amboina and Ternate (in the Maluku Islands of Indonesia), Japan, and off-shore China. His growing information about new places indicated to him that he had to go to what he understood were centres of influence for the whole region. China loomed large from his days in India. Japan was particularly attractive because of its culture. For him, these areas were interconnected; they could not be evangelised separately.[47]

Goa and India

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Saint Francis Xavier preaching in Goa (1610), by André Reinoso

Francis Xavier left Lisbon on 7 April 1541, his thirty-fifth birthday, along with two other Jesuits and the new viceroy Martim Afonso de Sousa, on board the Santiago.[48] As he departed, Francis was given a brief from the pope appointing him apostolic nuncio to the East.[42] From August until March 1542 he remained in Portuguese Mozambique, and arrived in Goa, then the capital of Portuguese India, on 6 May 1542, thirteen months after leaving Lisbon.

The Portuguese, following quickly on the great voyages of discovery, had established themselves at Goa thirty years earlier. Francis's primary mission, as ordered by King John III, was to restore Christianity among the Portuguese settlers. According to Teotonio R. DeSouza, recent critical accounts indicate that apart from the posted civil servants, "the great majority of those who were dispatched as 'discoverers' were the riff-raff of Portuguese society, picked up from Portuguese jails."[49] Nor did the soldiers, sailors, or merchants come to do missionary work, and Imperial policy permitted the outflow of disaffected nobility. Many of the arrivals formed liaisons with local women and adopted Indian culture. Missionaries often wrote against the "scandalous and undisciplined" behaviour of their fellow Christians.[50]

The Christian population had churches, clergy, and a bishop, but there were few preachers and no priests beyond the walls of Goa. Xavier decided that he must begin by instructing the Portuguese themselves, and gave much of his time to the teaching of children. The first five months he spent in preaching and ministering to the sick in the hospitals.[51] After that, he walked through the streets ringing a bell to summon the children and servants to catechism.[52] He was invited to head Saint Paul's College, a pioneer seminary for the education of secular priests, which became the first Jesuit headquarters in Asia.[53]

Conversion efforts

Conversion of the Paravars by Francis Xavier in South India, in a 19th-century coloured lithograph

Xavier soon learned that along the Pearl Fishery Coast, which extends from Cape Comorin on the southern tip of India to the island of Mannar, off Ceylon (Sri Lanka), there was a Jāti of people called Paravas. Many of them had been baptised ten years before, merely to please the Portuguese who had helped them against the Moors, but remained uninstructed in the faith. Accompanied by several native clerics from the seminary at Goa, he set sail for Cape Comorin in October 1542. He taught those who had already been baptised and preached to those who weren't. His efforts with the high-caste Brahmins remained unavailing. The Brahmin and Muslim authorities in Travancore opposed Xavier with violence; time and again his hut was burned down over his head, and once he saved his life only by hiding among the branches of a large tree.[52]

He devoted almost three years to the work of preaching to the people of southern India and Ceylon, converting many. He built nearly 40 churches along the coast, including St. Stephen's Church, Kombuthurai, mentioned in his letters dated 1544.

During this time, he was able to visit the tomb of Thomas the Apostle in Mylapore (now part of Madras/Chennai then in Portuguese India).[42] He set his sights eastward in 1545 and planned a missionary journey to Makassar on the island of Celebes (today's Indonesia).

As the first Jesuit in India, Francis had difficulty achieving much success in his missionary trips. His successors, such as Roberto de Nobili, Matteo Ricci, and Constanzo Beschi, attempted to convert the noblemen first as a means to influence more people, while Francis had initially interacted most with the lower classes; (later though, in Japan, Francis changed tack by paying tribute to the Emperor and seeking an audience with him).[54]

Voyages of Saint Francis Xavier

Southeast Asia

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Saint Francis Xavier Inspiring Portuguese Troops Against the Acehnese Pirates by André Reinoso (1619)

In the spring of 1545, Xavier started for Portuguese Malacca. He laboured there for the last months of that year. About January 1546, Xavier left Malacca for the Maluku Islands, where the Portuguese had some settlements. For a year and a half, he preached the Gospel there. He went first to Ambon Island, where he stayed until mid-June. He then visited the other Maluku Islands, including Ternate, Baranura, and Morotai.[51] Shortly after Easter 1547, he returned to Ambon Island; a few months later he returned to Malacca. While there, Malacca was attacked by the Acehnese from Sumatra, and through preaching Xavier inspired the Portuguese to seek battle, achieving a victory at the Battle of Perlis River, despite being heavily outnumbered.[55]

Japan

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Main article: History of the Catholic Church in Japan
Virgin Mary with Infant Jesus and Her Fifteen Mysteries by an unknown Japanese artist (c. 1600). Bottom centre: Ignatius of Loyola (left) and Francis Xavier (right)

In Malacca in December 1547, Francis Xavier met a Japanese man named Anjirō.[51] Anjirō had heard of Francis in 1545 and had travelled from Kagoshima to Malacca to meet him. Having been charged with murder, Anjirō had fled Japan. He told Francis extensively about his former life, and the customs and culture of his homeland. Anjirō became the first Japanese Christian and adopted the name 'Paulo de Santa Fe'. He later helped Xavier as a mediator and interpreter for the mission to Japan that now seemed much more possible.

In January 1548 Francis returned to Goa to attend to his responsibilities as superior of the mission there.[56] The next 15 months were occupied with various journeys and administrative measures. He left Goa on 15 April 1549, stopped at Malacca, and visited Canton. He was accompanied by Anjirō, two other Japanese men, Father Cosme de Torres and Brother Juan Fernández. He had taken with him presents for the "King of Japan" since he intended to introduce himself as the Apostolic Nuncio.

Europeans had already come to Japan; the Portuguese had landed in 1543 on the island of Tanegashima, where they introduced matchlock firearms to Japan.[57]

From Amboina, he wrote to his companions in Europe: "I asked a Portuguese merchant, ... who had been for many days in Anjirō's country of Japan, to give me ... some information on that land and its people from what he had seen and heard. ...All the Portuguese merchants coming from Japan tell me that if I go there I shall do great service for God our Lord, more than with the pagans of India, for they are a very reasonable people." (To His Companions Residing in Rome, From Cochin, 20 January 1548, no. 18, p. 178).[47]

Francis Xavier reached Japan on 27 July 1549, with Anjirō and three other Jesuits, but he was not permitted to enter any port his ship arrived at until 15 August,[57] when he went ashore at Kagoshima, the principal port of Satsuma Province on the island of Kyūshū. As a representative of the Portuguese king, he was received in a friendly manner. Shimazu Takahisa (1514–1571), daimyō of Satsuma, gave a friendly reception to Francis on 29 September 1549, but in the following year he forbade the conversion of his subjects to Christianity under penalty of death; Christians in Kagoshima could not be given any catechism in the following years. The Portuguese missionary Pedro de Alcáçova would later write in 1554:

In Cangoxima, the first place Father Master Francisco stopped at, there were a good number of Christians, although there was no one there to teach them; the shortage of labourers prevented the whole kingdom from becoming Christian.

— Pacheco 1974, pp. 477–480

Francis was the first Jesuit to go to Japan as a missionary.[58] He brought with him paintings of the Madonna and the Madonna and Child. These paintings were used to help teach the Japanese about Christianity. There was a huge language barrier as Japanese was unlike other languages the missionaries had previously encountered. For a long time, Francis struggled to learn the language.[59] He was hosted by Anjirō's family until October 1550.[33] From October to December 1550, he resided in Yamaguchi. Shortly before Christmas, he left for Kyoto but failed to meet with Emperor Go-Nara. He returned to Yamaguchi in March 1551, where the daimyō of the province gave him permission to preach.

Having learned that evangelical poverty did not have the appeal in Japan that it had in Europe and in India, he decided to change his approach. Hearing after a time that a Portuguese ship had arrived at a port in the province of Bungo in Kyushu and that the prince there would like to see him, Xavier now set out southward. The Jesuit, in a fine cassock, surplice, and stole, was attended by thirty gentlemen and as many servants, all in their best clothes. Five of them bore on cushions valuable articles, including a portrait of Our Lady and a pair of velvet slippers, these not gifts for the prince, but solemn offerings to Xavier, to impress the onlookers with his eminence. Handsomely dressed, with his companions acting as attendants, he presented himself before Oshindono, the ruler of Nagate, and as a representative of the great Kingdom of Portugal, offered him letters and presents: a musical instrument, a watch, and other attractive objects which had been given him by the authorities in India for the emperor.[52]

For forty-five years the Jesuits were the only missionaries in Asia, but the Franciscans began proselytizing in Asia, as well. Christian missionaries were later forced into exile, along with their assistants. However, some were able to stay behind. Christianity was then kept underground so as to not be persecuted.[60]

The Japanese people were not easily converted; many of the people were already Buddhist or Shinto. Francis tried to combat the reservations of some of the Japanese. Many mistakenly interpreted Catholic doctrine as teaching that demons had been created evil, and they thus concluded the God who had created them could not be good. Much of Francis' preaching was devoted to providing answers to this and other such challenges. In the course of these discussions, Francis grew to respect the rationality and general literacy of those Japanese people whom he encountered. He expressed optimism at the prospect of converting the country.[61][62][63]

Xavier was welcomed by the Shingon monks since he used the word Dainichi for the Christian God; attempting to adapt the concept to local traditions. As Xavier learned more about the religious nuances of the word, he changed to Deusu[33] from the Latin and Portuguese Deus. The monks later realised that Xavier was preaching a rival religion and grew more resistant towards his attempts at conversion.

The Altar of St. Francis Xavier Parish in Nasugbu, Batangas, Philippines. Saint Francis is the principal patron of the town, together with Our Lady of Escalera.

With the passage of time, his sojourn in Japan could be considered somewhat fruitful as attested by congregations established in Hirado, Yamaguchi, and Bungo. Xavier worked for more than two years in Japan and saw his successor-Jesuits established. He then decided to return to India. Historians debate the exact path by which he returned, but from evidence attributed to the captain of his ship, he may have travelled through Tanegeshima and Minato, and avoided Kagoshima because of the hostility of the daimyo.[57]

China

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During his trip from Japan back to India, a tempest forced him to stop on an island near Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, where he met Diogo Pereira, a rich merchant and an old friend from Cochin. Pereira showed him a letter from Portuguese prisoners in Guangzhou, asking for a Portuguese ambassador to speak to the Jiajing Emperor on their behalf. Later during the voyage, he stopped at Malacca on 27 December 1551 and was back in Goa by January 1552.[citation needed]

On 17 April he set sail with Diogo Pereira on the Santa Cruz for China. He planned to introduce himself as Apostolic Nuncio and Pereira as the ambassador of the king of Portugal. But then he realized that he had forgotten his testimonial letters as an Apostolic Nuncio. Back in Malacca, he was confronted by the captain Álvaro de Ataíde da Gama who now had total control over the harbour. The captain refused to recognize his title of Nuncio, asked Pereira to resign from his title of ambassador, named a new crew for the ship, and demanded the gifts for the Chinese Emperor be left in Malacca.[citation needed]

In late August 1552, the Santa Cruz reached the Chinese island of Shangchuan, 14 km away from the southern coast of mainland China, near Taishan, Guangdong, 200 km south-west of what later became Hong Kong. At this time, he was accompanied only by a Jesuit student, Álvaro Ferreira, a Chinese man called António, and a Malabar servant called Christopher. Around mid-November, he sent a letter saying that a man had agreed to take him to the mainland in exchange for a large sum of money. Having sent back Álvaro Ferreira, he remained alone with António. He died from a fever at Shangchuan, Taishan, China, on 3 December 1552, while he was waiting for a boat that would take him to mainland China.[64]

Burials and relics

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Casket of Saint Francis Xavier in the Basilica of Bom Jesus in Goa, India

Xavier was first buried on a beach at Shangchuan Island, Taishan, Guangdong. His body was taken from the island in February 1553 and temporarily buried in St. Paul's Church in Portuguese Malacca on 22 March 1553. An open grave in the church now marks the place of Xavier's burial. Pereira came back from Goa, removed the corpse shortly after 15 April 1553, and moved it to his house. On 11 December 1553, Xavier's body was shipped to Goa.[65]

The mostly-incorruptible body[66] is now in the Basilica of Bom Jesus in Goa, where it was placed in a glass container encased in a silver casket on 2 December 1637.[67] This casket, constructed by Goan silversmiths between 1636 and 1637, was an exemplary blend of Italian and Indian aesthetic sensibilities. There are 32 silver plates on all four sides of the casket, depicting different episodes from the life of Xavier:

  • Francis lies on the ground with his arms and legs tied, but the cords break miraculously.
  • Francis kisses the ulcer of a patient in a Venetian hospital.
  • He is visited by Jerom as he lies ailing in the hospital of Vicenza.
  • A vision about his future apostolate.
  • A vision about his sister's prophecy about his fate.
  • He saves the secretary of the Portuguese Ambassador while crossing the Alps.
  • He lifts a sick man who dies after receiving communion but is freed from fever.
  • He baptises in Travancore.
  • He resuscitates a boy who died in a well at Cape Comorin.
  • He cures miraculously a man full of sores.
  • He drives away the Badagas in Travancore.
  • He resuscitates three persons: a man who was buried at Coulao; a boy about to be buried at Multao; and a child.
  • He takes money from his empty pockets and gives it to a Portuguese at Malyapore.
  • A miraculous cure.
  • A crab restores his crucifix which had fallen into the sea.
  • He preaches in the island of Moro.
  • He preaches in the sea of Malacca and announces the victory against the enemies.
  • He converts a Portuguese soldier.
  • He helps the dying Vicar of Malacca.
  • Francis kneels down and on his shoulders there rests a child whom he restores to health.
  • He goes from Amanguchi to Macao walking.
  • He cures a mute or unable to speak and paralytic man in Amanguchi.
  • He cures a deaf Japanese person.
  • He prays in the ship during a storm.
  • He baptises three kings in Cochin.
  • He cures a religious in the college of St. Paul.
  • Due to the lack of water, he sweetens the seawater during a voyage.
  • The agony of Francis at Sancian.
  • After his death, he is seen by a lady according to his promise.
  • The body dressed in sacerdotal vestments is exposed for public veneration.
  • Francis levitates as he distributes communion in the College of St. Paul.
  • The body is placed in a niche at Chaul with lighted candles. On the top of this casket, there is a cross with two angels. One is holding a burning heart and the other a legend which says, "Satis est Domine, satis est." (It's enough Lord, it's enough)

The right forearm, which Xavier used to bless and baptise his converts, was detached by Superior General Claudio Acquaviva in 1614. It has been displayed since in a silver reliquary at the main Jesuit church in Rome, Il Gesù.[68]

Saint Francis Xavier's humerus at St. Joseph's Church, Macao (2008)
Sign accompanying Saint Francis Xavier's humerus

Another of Xavier's arm bones was brought to Macau where it was kept in a silver reliquary. The relic was destined for Japan but religious persecution there persuaded the church to keep it in Macau's Cathedral of St. Paul. It was subsequently moved to St. Joseph's and in 1978 to the Chapel of St. Francis Xavier on Coloane Island. More recently the relic was moved to St. Joseph's Church.[69]

A relic from the right hand of St Francis Xavier is on display at St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney.

In 2006, on the 500th anniversary of his birth, the Xavier Tomb Monument and Chapel on Shangchuan Island, in ruins after years of neglect under communist rule in China, was restored with support from the alumni of Wah Yan College, a Jesuit high school in Hong Kong.[70]

From December 2017 to February 2018, Catholic Christian Outreach (CCO) in cooperation with the Jesuits, and the Archdiocese of Ottawa (Canada) brought Xavier's right forearm to tour throughout Canada. The faithful, especially university students participating with CCO at Rise Up 2017 in Ottawa, venerated the relics. The tour continued to every city where CCO and/or the Jesuits are present in Canada: Quebec City, St. John's, Halifax, St. Francis Xavier University in Antigonish (neither CCO nor the Jesuits are present here), Kingston, Toronto, Winnipeg, Saskatoon, Regina, Calgary, Vancouver, Victoria, and Montreal before returning to Ottawa.[71] The relic was then returned to Rome with a Mass of Thanksgiving celebrated by Archbishop Terrence Prendergast at the Church of the Gesù.[72]

Veneration

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Beatification and canonization

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Francis Xavier was beatified by Pope Paul V on 25 October 1619, and was canonized by Pope Gregory XV on 12 March[73] 1622, at the same time as Ignatius Loyola.[74] Pope Pius XI proclaimed him the "Patron of Catholic Missions".[75] His feast day is 3 December.[76]

Pilgrimage centres

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Stained glass church window in Béthanie, Hong Kong, of St Francis Xavier baptizing a Chinese man

Goa

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Goan Catholics celebrating the feast of Saint Francis Xavier at Bom Jesus Basilica

Saint Francis Xavier's relics are kept in a silver casket, elevated inside the Bom Jesus Basilica and are exposed (being brought to ground level) generally every ten years, but this is discretionary. The sacred relics went on display starting on 22 November 2014 at the XVII Solemn Exposition. The display closed on 4 January 2015.[77] The previous exposition, the sixteenth, was held from 21 November 2004 to 2 January 2005.[78]

Relics of Saint Francis Xavier are also found in the Espirito Santo (Holy Spirit) Church, Margão,[79] in Sanv Fransiku Xavierachi Igorz (Church of St. Francis Xavier), Batpal, Canacona, Goa,[80] and at St. Francis Xavier Chapel, Portais, Panjim.[81]

Other places

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Other pilgrimage centres include Xavier's birthplace in Navarre;[82] the Church of the Gesù, Rome;[83] Malacca (where he was buried for two years, before being brought to Goa);[84] and Sancian (place of death).[85]

Xavier is a major venerated saint in both Sonora and the neighbouring U.S. state of Arizona. In Magdalena de Kino in Sonora, Mexico, in the Church of Santa María Magdalena, there is a reclining statue of San Francisco Xavier brought by pioneer Jesuit missionary Padre Eusebio Kino in the early 18th century. The statue is said to be miraculous and is the object of pilgrimage for many in the region.[86] Also the Mission San Xavier del Bac is a pilgrimage site.[87] The mission is an active parish church ministering to the people of the San Xavier District, Tohono O'odham Nation, and nearby Tucson, Arizona.

Francis Xavier is honored in the Church of England and in the Episcopal Church on 3 December.[88][89]

Novena of Grace

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Further information: Novena of Grace
Fumaroles at Mt. Unzen, Japan

The Novena of Grace is a popular devotion to Francis Xavier, typically prayed either on the nine days before 3 December or on 4 March through 12 March (the anniversary of Pope Gregory XV's canonisation of Xavier in 1622). It began with the Italian Jesuit missionary Marcello Mastrilli. Before he could travel to the Far East, Mastrilli was gravely injured in a freak accident after a festive celebration dedicated to the Immaculate Conception in Naples. Delirious and on the verge of death, Mastrilli saw Xavier, who he later said asked him to choose between travelling or death by holding the respective symbols, to which Mastrilli answered, "I choose that which God wills".[90] Upon regaining his health, Mastrilli made his way via Goa and the Philippines to Satsuma, Japan. The Tokugawa shogunate beheaded the missionary in October 1637, after undergoing three days of tortures involving the volcanic sulphurous fumes from Mount Unzen, known as the Hell mouth or "pit" that had supposedly caused an earlier missionary to renounce his faith.[91]

Legacy

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The Vision of St. Francis Xavier, by Giovanni Battista Gaulli

Francis Xavier became widely noteworthy for his missionary work, both as an organiser and as a pioneer; he reputedly converted more people than anyone else had done since Paul the Apostle. In 2006 Pope Benedict XVI said of both Ignatius of Loyola and Francis Xavier: "not only their history which was interwoven for many years from Paris and Rome, but a unique desire – a unique passion, it could be said – moved and sustained them through different human events: the passion to give to God-Trinity a glory always greater and to work for the proclamation of the Gospel of Christ to the peoples who had been ignored."[75] His personal efforts most affected religious practice in India and in the East Indies (Indonesia, Malaysia, Timor). As of 2021 India still has numerous Jesuit missions and many more schools. Xavier also worked to propagate Christianity in China and Japan. However, following the persecutions (1587 onwards) instituted by Toyotomi Hideyoshi and the subsequent closing of Japan to foreigners (1633 onwards), the Christians of Japan had to go underground to preserve an independent Christian culture.[92] Likewise, while Xavier inspired many missionaries to China, Chinese Christians also were forced underground there and developed their own Christian culture.

A small chapel designed by Achille-Antoine Hermitte was completed in 1869 over Xavier's death-place on Shangchuan Island, Canton. It was damaged and restored several times; the most recent restoration in 2006 marked the 500th anniversary of the saint's birth.[93]

Francis Xavier is the patron saint of his native Navarre, which celebrates his feast day on 3 December as a government holiday.[94] In addition to Roman Catholic Masses remembering Xavier on that day (now known as the Day of Navarre), celebrations in the surrounding weeks honour the region's cultural heritage. Furthermore, in the 1940s, devoted Catholics instituted the Javierada, an annual day-long pilgrimage (often on foot) from the capital at Pamplona to Xavier, where the Jesuits built a basilica and museum and restored Francis Xavier's family's castle.[82]

Personal names

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Statue of Santo Fransiskus Xaverius, at Jesuit Gereja Katedral Santa Perawan Maria Diangkat Ke Surga, in Jakarta, Indonesia
Statue of Saint Francis Xavier, at St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church, in Superior, Wisconsin, United States
Effigy of Saint Francis Xavier in the Monument to the Discoveries in Lisbon, Portugal

As the foremost saint from Navarre and one of the main Jesuit saints, Francis Xavier is much venerated in Spain and the Hispanic countries where Francisco Javier or Javier are common male given names.[95] The alternative spelling Xavier is also popular in the Basque Country, Portugal, Catalonia, Brazil, France, Belgium, and southern Italy. In India, the spelling Xavier is almost always used, and the name is quite common among Christians, especially in Goa and in the southern states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka. The names Francisco Xavier, António Xavier, João Xavier, Caetano Xavier, Domingos Xavier and so forth, were very common till quite recently in Goa. Fransiskus Xaverius is commonly used as a name for Indonesian Catholics, usually abbreviated as FX. In Austria and Bavaria the name is spelt as Xaver (pronounced /ˈksaːfɐ/) and often used in addition to Francis as Franz-Xaver (/frant͡sˈksaːfɐ/). In Polish the name becomes Ksawery. Many Catalan men are named after him, often using the two-name combination Francesc Xavier. In English-speaking countries, "Xavier" until recently was likely to follow "Francis"; in the 2000s, however, "Xavier" by itself became more popular than "Francis", and after 2001 featured as one of the hundred most common male baby names in the US.[96] Furthermore, the Sevier family name, possibly most famous in the United States for John Sevier (1745–1815), originated from the name "Xavier".[97]

Church dedications

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Many churches all over the world, often founded by Jesuits, have been named in honour of Xavier. The many in the United States include the historic St. Francis Xavier Shrine at Warwick, Maryland (founded 1720), and the Basilica of St. Francis Xavier in Dyersville, Iowa. Note also the American educational teaching order, the Xaverian Brothers, and the Mission San Xavier del Bac in Tucson, Arizona (founded in 1692, and known for its Spanish Colonial architecture).[98] [99]

In art

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Music

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  • Marc-Antoine Charpentier, In honorem Sancti Xaverij canticum H. 355, for soloists, chorus, flutes, strings and continuo (1688 ?)
  • Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Canticum de Sto Xavierio H. 355a, for soloists, chorus, flutes, oboes, strings and continuo (1690).

Missions

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Shortly before leaving for the East, Xavier issued a famous instruction to Father Gaspar Barazeuz who was leaving to go to Ormus (a Portuguese vassal kingdom on an island in the Persian Gulf, now part of Iran), that he should mix with sinners:

And if you wish to bring forth much fruit, both for yourselves and for your neighbours, and to live consoled, converse with sinners, making them unburden themselves to you. These are the living books by which you are to study, both for your preaching and for your own consolation. I do not say that you should not on occasion read written books... to support what you say against vices with authorities from the Holy Scriptures and examples from the lives of the saints.

— Kadič 1961, pp. 12–18

Modern scholars assess the number of people converted to Christianity by Francis Xavier at around 30,000. [101][102] While some of Xavier's methods have subsequently come under criticism, he has also earned praise. He insisted that missionaries adapt to many of the customs, and most certainly to the language, of the culture they wish to evangelise. And unlike later missionaries, Xavier supported an educated native clergy. Though for a time it seemed that persecution had subsequently destroyed his work in Japan, Protestant missionaries three centuries later discovered that approximately 100,000 Christians still practised the faith in the Nagasaki area.[103]

Francis Xavier's work initiated permanent change in eastern Indonesia, and he became known as the "Apostle of the Indies" – in 1546–1547 he worked in the Maluku Islands among the people of Ambon, Ternate, and Morotai (or Moro), and laid the foundations for a permanent mission. After he left the Maluku Islands, others carried on his work, and by the 1560s there were 10,000 Roman Catholics in the area, mostly on Ambon. By the 1590s, there were 50,000 to 60,000.[104]

Role in the Goa Inquisition

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In 1546, Francis Xavier proposed the establishment of the Goa Inquisition in a letter addressed to the Portuguese King, John III.[8] Xavier addresses the King as the 'Vicar of Christ', owing to his royal patronage over Christianity in the East Indies. In a letter dated 20 January 1548, he requests the king to be tough on the Portuguese governor in India so that he may be active in propagating the faith.[13] Xavier also wrote to the Portuguese king asking for protection in regards to new converts who were being harassed by Portuguese commandants. Francis Xavier died in 1552 without ever living to see the commencement of the Goa Inquisition.[105][106][12]

Educational institutions

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Statue of St. Francis Xavier at St. Xavier's Collegiate School, Kolkata

A number of educational institutions are named after him, including:

See also

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References

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Notes

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Citations

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  1. ^ "Holy Men and Holy Women" (PDF). Churchofengland.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 September 2012.
  2. ^ "Notable Lutheran Saints". Resurrectionpeople.org. Archived from the original on 16 May 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
  3. ^ "St. Francis Xavier was a Spanish Jesuit who lived as a Roman Catholic missionary in the 1500s" https://www.britannica.com/question/Who-is-St-Francis-Xavier Archived 17 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ "Jesuit missionary. Born at the castle of Xavier (Javier) in Navarre, Francis, a Basque Spaniard, was educated at the University of Paris." https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803125202415 Archived 17 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Schurhammer, Georg (1982). Francis Xavier: His Life, his times – vol. 4: Japan and China, 1549–1552.
  6. ^ Roldán-Figueroa, Rady (2021), "Background: Catholic Missions in Japan", The Martyrs of Japan, Brill, pp. 13–34, ISBN 978-90-04-45806-2, retrieved 30 March 2024
  7. ^ Attwater 1965, p. 141.
  8. ^ a b Neill 2004, p. 160: "By another route I have written to your highness of the great need there is in India for preachers... The second necessity which obtains in India, if those who live there are to be good Christians, is that your highness should institute the holy Inquisition; for there are many who live according to the law of Moses or the law of Muhammad without any fear of God or shame before men".
  9. ^ Rao 1963, p. 43.
  10. ^ "How did St. Francis Xavier shape Catholicism? | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022. However, his actions in India were not without controversy, as he was involved with the establishment of the Goa Inquisition, which punished converts accused of continuing to practice Hinduism or other religions.
  11. ^ "Goa Inquisition". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  12. ^ a b Coleridge 1872, p. 268.
  13. ^ a b Neill 2004, pp. 160–161: [Let the king warn the governor that] "should he fail to take active steps for the great increase of our faith, you are determined to punish him, and inform him with a solemn oath that, on his return to Portugal, all his property will be forfeited for the benefit of the Santa Misericordia, and beyond this tell him that you will keep him in irons for a number of years... There is no better way of ensuring that all in India become Christians than that your highness should inflict severe punishment on a governor".
  14. ^ De Rosa 2006, p. 90.
  15. ^ Pope Pius XI (14 December 1927). "Apostolicorum in Missionibus". Papal Encyclicals Online. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  16. ^ "Hindu extremists try to silence Harvard and other Western academics — Global Indian Times". Global Indian Times. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023.
  17. ^ "Purged from NCERT Textbooks: Hindu extremists' dislike for Gandhi, RSS ban after assassination". 5 April 2023.
  18. ^ https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/goa-to-request-pmo-to-invite-pope-francis-for-st-francis-xavier-s-exposition-cm-101710574732092.html
  19. ^ "My saint is better: Heated debate over Parshuram, Francis Xavier's legacy in Goa". Archived from the original on 23 September 2023.
  20. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20241206114153/https://scroll.in/latest/1074121/former-rss-goa-chief-absconding-after-fir-filed-against-his-comments-about-francis-xavier
  21. ^ Brodrick 1952, p. 17.
  22. ^ Brodrick 1952, p. 18.
  23. ^ Brodrick 1952, p. 16.
  24. ^ Euskara, la langue des Basques. V. L'euskara, aux temps modernes (1545–1789) ... Ce qui explique pourquoi le missionraire navarrais désignera l'euskara comme "sa langue naturelle bizcayenne" (1544), terme très étendu à cette époque.
  25. ^ Navarro-Aragonese, called Romance at this time was also a language spoken in the surrounding area. Romance languages are the result of the changes suffered by spoken Latin through the centuries. Hispanic Romance languages were born in the North of the Peninsula (Galician, Leonese, Castilian, Navarro-Aragonese, Catalonian).
  26. ^ Sagredo 2006.
  27. ^ Brodrick 1952, p. 28.
  28. ^ Brodrick 1952, p. 21.
  29. ^ Brodrick 1952, p. 33.
  30. ^ Brodrick 1952, p. 40.
  31. ^ a b c Brodrick 1952, p. 41.
  32. ^ a b De Rosa 2006, p. 93.
  33. ^ a b c Butler, Rev. Alban. "St Francis Xavier, Confessor, Apostle of the Indies". The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs and Other Principal Saints, Vol. III. ewtn.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  34. ^ Shaw, A (18 September 2023). "St. Francis Xavier — A Mass Murderer Turned Saint". Medium. Archived from the original on 5 July 2024. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  35. ^ "Goa Inquisition - The Epitome of Christian Missionary Violence". Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  36. ^ De Rosa 2006, p. 95.
  37. ^ Brodrick 1952, p. 47.
  38. ^ De Rosa 2006, p. 37.
  39. ^ Lach 1994, p. 12.
  40. ^ De Rosa 2006, p. 96.
  41. ^ Brodrick 1952, p. 77.
  42. ^ a b c "Wintz O.F.M., Jack, 'St. Francis Xavier: Great Missionary to the Orient', Franciscan Media, November 29, 2006". americancatholic.org. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  43. ^ Brodrick 1952, p. 78.
  44. ^ Brodrick 1952, p. 96.
  45. ^ Kadič 1961, pp. 12–18.
  46. ^ Brodrick 1952, p. 85.
  47. ^ a b Zuloaga SJ, Ismael G. "Francis Xavier, Founder of the Jesuit Mission in Asia". Jesuit Asia Pacific Conference. Archived from the original on 13 April 2013.
  48. ^ Brodrick 1952, p. 100.
  49. ^ DeSouza, Teotonio R. "The Portuguese in Goa" (PDF). recil.grupolusofona.pt. Universidade Lusófona. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  50. ^ de Mendonça, D. (2002). Conversions and Citizenry: Goa Under Portugal, 1510–1610. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 9788170229605. Archived from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  51. ^ a b c Astrain 1909.
  52. ^ a b c "'Saint Francis Xavier Apostle of the Indies And Japan', Lives of Saints, John J. Crawley & Co., Inc". ewtn.com. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  53. ^ "St. Pauls college, Rachol Seminary". Archdiocese of Goa and Daman. 2011. Archived from the original on September 15, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
  54. ^ Duignan 1958, pp. 725–732.
  55. ^ Saturnino Monteiro (1992): Batalhas e Combates da Marinha Portuguesa Volume III, pp. 95–103.
  56. ^ Wintz, Jack (December 2006). "Four Great Spanish Saints". St. Anthony Messenger Magazine Online. American Catholic. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  57. ^ a b c Pacheco 1974, pp. 477–480.
  58. ^ Shusaku Endo (1969), Silence, p. vii, Translator's Preface, William Johnston, Taplinger Publishing Company, New York
  59. ^ Lang, William (25 August 2019). "The subtleties that bedeviled St. Francis". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  60. ^ Vlam, Grace A. H. (1979). "The Portrait of S. Francis Xavier in Kobe". Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte. 42. Bd. (H. 1). Deutscher Kunstverlag: 48–60. doi:10.2307/1482014. ISSN 0044-2992. JSTOR 1482014.
  61. ^ Ellis, Robert Richmond (2003). "'The Best Thus Far Discovered': The Japanese in the Letters of Francisco Xavier". Hispanic Review. 71 (2). University of Pennsylvania Press: 155–169. doi:10.2307/3247185. ISSN 1553-0639. JSTOR 3247185. S2CID 162323769.
  62. ^ Xavier, Francis. The Letters and Instructions of Francis Xavier. Translated by M. Joseph Costellos, SJ St Louis: The Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1992
  63. ^ "St. Francis Xavier: Letter from Japan, to the Society of Jesus in Europe, 1552". fordham.edu. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  64. ^ "Saint Francis Xavier | Biography, Missions, Facts, & Legacy". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  65. ^ "Saint Francis Xavier – UCA News". ucanews.com. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  66. ^ "Body of St. Francis Xavier". Atlas Obscura. Archived from the original on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
  67. ^ Cappella di san Francesco Saverio Archived 17 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, at the official website of Il Gesù. (in Italian)
  68. ^ "Saint's right forearm will arrive in Quebec this week as part of Canadian tour". CTV Montreal. 1 January 2018. Archived from the original on 21 August 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  69. ^ Chapel of St. Francis Xavier Archived 14 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine, at the official website of the Macau Government Tourist Office.
  70. ^ "Zhao, Marta. "The Island of Saint Francis Xavier: the first shrine for Chinese Catholics", Agenzia Fides, December 3, 2023". Archived from the original on 26 June 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  71. ^ "St. FX Relic". CCO. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  72. ^ "Martínez-Bordiú, Almudena. "Did you know that the relic of the right arm of St. Francis Xavier is in Rome?", ACI Prensa, December 4, 2023". Archived from the original on 26 June 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  73. ^ Jesuit prayer-book "Srce Isusovo Spasenje naše" ("Heart of Jesus our Salvation"), Zagreb, 1946, p. 425
  74. ^ For the most recent study of Francis Xavier's canonization process, see Franco Mormando, "The Making of the Second Jesuit Saint: The Campaign for the Canonization of Francis Xavier, 1555–1622" in Francis Xavier and the Jesuit Missions in the Far East, ed. F. Mormando, Chestnut Hill, MA: The Jesuit Institute, Boston College, 2006, pp. 9–22.
  75. ^ a b "Address Of Benedic XVI To The Fathers And Brothers Of The Society Of Jesus, April 22, 2006". vatican.va. Archived from the original on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  76. ^ Attwater 1965, pp. 141–142.
  77. ^ "Pilgrims flock to Goa to see Saint Francis Xavier remains". BBC News. 22 November 2014. Archived from the original on 24 November 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  78. ^ Gupta, Pamila (2017). "The corporeal and the carnivalesque: The 2004 exposition of St. Francis Xavier and the consumption of history in postcolonial Goa". Etnografica. 21 (1): 107–124. doi:10.4000/etnografica.4840.
  79. ^ Barbosa, Alexandre Moniz (3 December 2009). "Relics of St Xavier still a draw". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  80. ^ "St Francis Xavier's relic at Bhatpal attracts a multitude of devotees". The Times of India. 25 November 2017. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  81. ^ Misquita, Melvyn (23 November 2014). "Venerated The World Over". O Heraldo. Archived from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  82. ^ a b "What are the Javieradas | Pilgrimage to the Castle of St. Francis Xavier in Navarra Spain". Catholic Television. 13 April 2017. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  83. ^ DiPippo, Gregory (3 December 2019). "The Altar of St Francis Xavier in Rome". New Liturgical Movement. Archived from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  84. ^ "S'pore, M'sian Catholics make joint pilgrimage". Catholic News Singapore. 3 September 2011. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  85. ^ Masson, Matthieu (29 November 2019). "The death of St. Francis in Sancian and the origins of the pilgrimage". Sunday Examiner. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  86. ^ Griffith, James S. "Pilgrimage To Magdalena and The Festival de San Francisco". Kino Historical Society. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  87. ^ Fontana, Bernard L. & photos by McCain, Edward, A Gift of Angels: The Art of Mission San Xavier del Bac, p. 41, The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 2010, ISBN 978-0-8165-2840-0.
  88. ^ "The Calendar". The Church of England. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  89. ^ Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018. Church Publishing, Inc. 2019. ISBN 978-1-64065-235-4.
  90. ^ "Japanese Sketches" Archived 28 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine in The Month, Volume 11 (1869) p. 241
  91. ^ Brockey, Liam Matthew (2007). Journey to the East: The Jesuit Mission to China, 1579–1724. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02448-9.
  92. ^ Downes, Patrick (5 July 2001). "Kakure Kirishitan". Catholic Education Resource Center. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  93. ^ Davies 2016, pp. 92–110.
  94. ^ "Navarra establece los días festivos del calendario laboral para 2022". Navarra.es (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  95. ^ The most frequent names, simple and exact for the national total and exact for the province of residence Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Excel spreadsheet format. Javier is the 10th-most popular name for males, and Francisco Javier is the 18th. Together, Javier becomes the 8th most frequent name for males.
  96. ^ "Popular Baby Names". ssa.gov. Archived from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  97. ^ Williams, Samuel Cole (1994) [1924]. "The Franklinites: John Sevier". History of the Lost State of Franklin (revised, reprinted ed.). Johnson City, Tennessee: The Overmountain Press. p. 289. ISBN 9780932807960. Retrieved 14 December 2021. The grandfather of John SEVIER, or Xavier, was a native of France, a Huguenot, and is said to have been related to Saint Francis Xavier, and to have lived in the village of Xavier in the French Pyrenees.
  98. ^ "History". San Xavier del Bac Mission. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  99. ^ Francis Xaviers Church in Ulhitiyawa ,Sri Lanka
  100. ^ Rubens, William Unger, S. R. K. "St. Francis Xavier Raising the Dead". The American Art Review, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Dec. 1879), p. 66.
  101. ^ "Francis Xavier". Christian History | Learn the History of Christianity & the Church. 8 August 2008. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
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  105. ^ Couto, Maria (2005). Goa, a daughter's story. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-04984-0. OCLC 232582498. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  106. ^ P., Rao, R. (1963). Portuguese Rule in Goa, 1510–1961. Asia Publ. House. OCLC 250311505. Archived from the original on 21 August 2024. Retrieved 26 May 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Sources

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Further reading

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Francis Xavier.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Francis Xavier.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Xavier, Francisco de".
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